K2
K2 in summer: view of the South Face from Concordia. The upper portion of the Abruzzi Spur is the right skyline.
Elevation	8,611 metres (28,251 ft) Ranked 2nd (1st in Pakistan)
Location	Northern Areas, PakistanThe mountain is located on the the western side of the Line of Control between India and Pakistan Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, Xinjiang, China
Range	Karakoram
Prominence	4,017 m (13,179 ft) Ranked 22nd
Coordinates	35°52′57″N 76°30′48″E / 35.8825, 76.51333Coordinates: 35°52′57″N 76°30′48″E / 35.8825, 76.51333 [1]
First ascent	July 31 1954 Achille Compagnoni Lino Lacedelli
Easiest route	rock/snow/ice climb
Listing	Eight-thousander Seven Second Summits

K2 is the second-highest mountain on Earth. It is located in the Karakoram segment of the Himalayan range, on the borderText of border agreement between China and PakistanPDF (253 KiB) between the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan and the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang, China. However, those who climb K2 must acquire entry via Pakistan as the Chinese side is inaccessible.

Chinese authorities officially refer to K2 as Qogir; simplified Chinese: 乔戈里峰; traditional Chinese: 喬戈里峰; pinyin: Qiáogēl� Fēng. This name is derived from Chogori, a synthetic name made up by Western explorers early in the 20th century from two Balti words, chhogo (\'big\') and ri (\'mountain\').H. Adams Carter, "A Note on the Chinese Name for K2, \'Qogir\'", American Alpine Journal, 1983, p. 296. Carter, the longtime editor of the AAJ, goes on to say that the name Chogori "has no local usage. The mountain was not prominently visible from places where local inhabitants ventured and so had no local name.... The Baltis use no other name for the peak than K2, which they pronounce \'Ketu\'. I strongly recommend against the use of the name Chogori in any of its forms." Other names include Mount Godwin-Austen,CIA Fact Book, PakistanH. Adams Carter, "Balti Place Names in the Karakoram", American Alpine Journal, 1975, p. 52–53. Carter notes that "Godwin Austen is the name of the glacier at its eastern foot and is only incorrectly used on some maps as the name of the mountain." Lamba Pahar ("Tall Mountain" in Urdu: کے ٹو), Dapsang, Kechu or Ketu (both derived from "K2"ibid. Carter notes a generalization of the word Ketu: "A new word, ketu, meaning \'big peak\', seems to be entering the Balti language.").

Climbing history

The mountain was first surveyed by a European survey team in 1856. Thomas Montgomerie was the member of the team who designated it "K2" for being the second peak of the Karakoram range. The other peaks were originally named K1, K3, K4 and K5, but were eventually renamed Masherbrum, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum II and Gasherbrum I respectively.

In 1892, Martin Conway led a British expedition that could only reach up to \'Concordia\' point of the Baltoro Glacier.Charles S. Houston (1953) K2, the Savage Mountain. McGraw-Hill. The first serious attempt to climb K2 was undertaken in 1902 by Oscar Eckenstein and Aleister Crowley from the north side, but after five serious and costly attempts, the team could only reach up to 6525 meters.A timeline of human activity on K2 The failures are attributed to a combination of questionable physical training, personality conflicts, and poor weather conditions — of 68 days spent on K2 (at the time, the record for longest time spent at such an altitude) only eight provided clear weather.Booth, Martin [2000] (2001). "Rhythms of Rapture", A Magick Life: A Biography of Aleister Crowley (trade paperback), Coronet (in English), London: Hodder and Stoughton, 152–157. ISBN 0-340-71806-4. 

Subsequent attempts to climb the mountain in 1909, 1934, 1938, 1939 and 1953 also ended in failure. The 1909 expedition, led by Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, reached an elevation of 6,666 m on what is now known as the Abruzzi Spur (or Abruzzi Ridge). This is considered part of the standard route today; see the route section below.

An Italian expedition finally succeeded in ascending to the summit of K2 on July 31, 1954. The expedition was led by Ardito Desio, although the two climbers who actually reached the top were Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni. The team included a Pakistani member, Colonel Muhammad Ata-ullah. He had been a part of an earlier 1953 American expedition which failed to make the summit because of a storm which killed a key climber, Art Gilkey. On the expedition also was the famous Italian climber Walter Bonatti. He proved vital to the expeditions success in that he carried vital oxygen to 26,600ft for Lacedelli and Compagnoni. His dramatic bivouac, at that altitude with the equipment, wrote another chapter in the saga of Himalayan climbing.

On August 9, 1977, 23 years after the Italian expedition, Ichiro Yoshizawa led the second successful ascent to the top; with Ashraf Aman as the first native Pakistani climber. The Japanese expedition ascended through the Abruzzi Spur route traced by the Italians, and used more than 1,500 porters to achieve the goal.

K2 from Broad Peak Base Camp

The year 1978 saw the third ascent of K2, via a new route, the long, corniced East Ridge. (The top of the route traversed left across the East Face to avoid a vertical headwall and joined the uppermost part of the Abruzzi route.) This ascent was made by an American team, led by noted mountaineer James Whittaker; the summit party were Louis Reichardt, James Wickwire, John Roskelley, and Rick Ridgeway. Wickwire endured an overnight bivouac about 150 m below the summit, one of the highest bivouacs in climbing history. This ascent was emotional for the American team, as they saw themselves as completing a task that had been begun by the 1938 team forty years earlier.American Alpine Journal, 1979, pp. 1–18

Another notable Japanese ascent was that of the difficult North Ridge (see route information below), on the Chinese side of the peak, in 1982. A team from the Mountaineering Association of Japan led by Isao Shinkai and Masatsugo Konishi put three members, Naoe Sakashita, Hiroshi Yoshino, and Yukihiro Yanagisawa, on the summit on August 14. However Yanagisawa fell and died on the descent. Four other members of the team achieved the summit the next day.American Alpine Journal, 1983, p. 295

The first climber to summit K2 twice was a Czech climber Josef Rakoncaj. Josef was a member of the 1983 Italian expedition led by Francesco Santon, which made the second successful ascent of the North Ridge (7/31/1983). Three years later, on 7/5/1986, he summitted on the Abruzzi Spur (double with Broad Peak West Face solo) as a member of Agostino da Polenza\'s international expedition.

The peak has now been climbed by almost all of its ridges. Although the summit of Everest is at a higher altitude, K2 is considered a more difficult climb, due in part to its terrible weather and comparatively greater height above surrounding terrain. The mountain is believed by many to be the world\'s most difficult and dangerous climb, hence its nickname "the Savage Mountain." As of November 2007, only 280 people have completed the ascent [2], compared with about 2,600 individuals who have ascended the more popular target of Everest. At least 66 people have died attempting the climb; 13 climbers from several expeditions died in 1986 in the K2 Tragedy during a severe storm.

Legend once had it that K2 carried a "curse on women." The first woman to reach the summit was Wanda Rutkiewicz, of Poland, in 1986. The next five women to reach the summit are all deceased — three of them died on the way down, among them fêted British mountaineer Alison Hargreaves in 1995. Rutkiewicz herself died on Kangchenjunga in 1992. However, the "curse" was broken in 2004 when Edurne Pasaban summitted and descended successfully, and again in 2006 when Nives Meroi of Italy and Yuka Komatsu of Japan became, respectively, the seventh and eighth women to summit K2, both descending successfully.

For most of its climbing history, K2 was not usually climbed with bottled oxygen, and small, relatively lightweight teams were the norm.Andy Fanshawe and Stephen Venables, Himalaya Alpine-Style, Hodder and Stoughton, 1995, ISBN 0-340-64931-3Audrey Selkeld, editor, World Mountaineering, Bulfinch Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8212-2502-2 However the 2004 season saw a great increase in the use of

xygen: 28 of 47 summitters used oxygen in that year.American Alpine Journal, 2005, p. 351–353

Climbing routes and difficulties

K2 from Concordia

There are a number of routes on K2, of somewhat different character, but they all share some key difficulties: First is the extreme high altitude and resulting lack of oxygen: in fact there is only one third as much oxygen available to a climber on the summit of K2 as there is at sea level. Altitude oxygen calculator online Second is the propensity of the mountain to experience extreme storms of several days\' duration, which have resulted in many of the deaths on the peak. Third is the steep, exposed, and committing nature of all routes on the mountain, which makes retreat more difficult, especially during a storm. Despite many tries there has been no successful ascent during the winter.

Abruzzi Spur

Carl Drew climbing ladders on Abruzzi Spur. Photo by Abdul Aziz

The standard route of ascent, used far more than any other route, is the Abruzzi Spur, first attempted by Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi in 1909 (see the history above). This is the southeast ridge of the peak, rising above the Godwin Austen Glacier. The spur proper begins at an altitude of 5,400 m, where Advanced Base Camp is usually placed. The route follows an alternating series of rock ribs, snow/ice fields, and some technical rock climbing on two famous features, "House\'s Chimney" and the "Black Pyramid." Above the Black Pyramid, dangerously exposed and difficult to navigate slopes lead to the easily visible "Shoulder," and thence to the summit. The last major obstacle is a narrow couloir known as the "Bottleneck," which places climbers dangerously close to a wall of seracs which form an ice cliff to the east of the summit. (It was partly due to the collapse of one of these seracs around 2001 that no climbers summited the peak in 2002 and 2003.)

North Ridge

The North Face of K2

Almost opposite from the Abruzzi Spur is the North Ridge, which ascends the Chinese side of the peak. It is rarely climbed, partly due to very difficult access, involving crossing the Shaksgam River, which is a hazardous undertaking.American Alpine Journal, 1991, pp. 19–32. In contrast to the crowds of climbers and trekkers at the Abruzzi basecamp, usually at most two teams are encamped below the North Ridge. This route, more technically difficult than the Abruzzi, ascends a long, steep, primarily rock ridge to high on the mountain (Camp IV, the "Eagle\'s Nest", 7,900 m), and then crosses a dangerously slide-prone hanging glacier by a leftward climbing traverse, to reach a snow couloir which accesses the summit.

Besides the original Japanese ascent (see the History section), a notable ascent of the North Ridge was the one in 1990 by Greg Child, Greg Mortimer, and Steve Swenson, which was done alpine style (though using some fixed ropes already put in place by previous teams).

Other routes

• Northeast Ridge (long and corniced; finishes on uppermost part of Abruzzi route), 1978.
• West Ridge, 1981.
• Southwest Pillar or "Magic Line", very technical, and second most demanding, first made in 1986 by Polish-Slovak trio Piasecki-Wroz-Bozik , since than despite many tries by several climbers tried to repeat and no one made it until 2004 Jordi Corominas.
• South Face or "Polish Line", (extremely exposed and most dangerous) in 1986 Jerzy Kukuczka and Tadeusz Piotrowski did first and only ascent on this route, it was called by Reinhold Messner a suicidal route and until now no one ever tried to repeat their achievement.R. Messner and A. Gogna [1981] (1982) K2 Mountain of Mountains. Translated from German by A. Salked. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195202538
• Northwest Face, 1990.
• Northwest Ridge (finishing on North Ridge), first ascent 1991.
• South-southeast spur or "Cesen route" (finishing on Abruzzi route; a possibly safer alternative to the Abruzzi), 1994.
• West Face (technical difficulty at high altitude), 2007.

Topographic characteristics

K2 is only ranked 22nd by topographic prominence, a measure of a mountain\'s independent stature, because it is part of the same extended area of uplift (including the Karakoram, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Himalaya) as Mount Everest, in that it is possible to follow a path from K2 to Everest that goes no lower than 4,594 m (at Mustang Lo). Many other peaks which are far lower than K2 are more independent in this sense.

However, K2 is notable for its local relief as well as its total height. It stands over 3,000 m (9,840 ft) above much of the glacial valley bottoms at its base. More extraordinary is the fact that it is a consistently steep pyramid, dropping quickly in almost all directions. The north side is the steepest: there it rises over 3,200 m (10,500 ft) above the K2 (Qogir) Glacier in only 3 km (1.8 mi) of horizontal distance. In most directions, it achieves over 2,800 m (9,200 ft) of vertical relief in less than 4 km (2.4 mi).Jerzy Wala, The Eight-Thousand-Metre Peaks of the Karakoram, Orographical Sketch Map, The Climbing Company Ltd/Cordee, 1994. This degree of steepness, at this vertical scale, in so many different directions, is unmatched in the world.

In the media

Books

• Ascent of K2 Second Highest Peak in the World by Ardito Desio. 1955
• K2, Mountain of Mountains by R. Messner and A. Gogna, ISBN 0195202538. 1982
• K2, Triumph and Tragedy by Jim Curran, ISBN 0-395-48590-8. 1987
• The Endless Knot: K2, Mountain of Dreams and Destiny by Kurt Diemberger, ISBN 0-89886-300-7. 1991
• Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains by Jon Krakauer ISBN 0-385-48818-1. 1997
• The Last Step: The American Ascent of K2 by Rick Ridgeway, ISBN 0-89886-632-4. 1999
• K2, The Story of the Savage Mountain by Jim Curran, ISBN 0-89886-683-9. 2000
• K2, The Savage Mountain by Charles Houston, ISBN 1-885283-01-6. 2000
• The Mountains of My Life by Walter Bonatti, ISBN 0-375-75640-X. 2001
• K2, Quest of the Gods: The Great Pyramid in the Himalaya by Ralph Ellis, ISBN 0-932813-99-2. 2001
• K2: One Woman\'s Quest for the Summit by Heidi Howkins, ISBN 0-7922-7996-4. 2001 (Paperback by National Geographic Society, ISBN 978-0792264248, 2002)
• K2 Kahani by Mustansar Hussain Tarrad, in Urdu. ISBN 9693505239. 2002
• Savage Summit : The True Stories of the First Five Women Who Climbed K2 by Jennifer Jordan, ISBN 0-06-058715-6. 2005
• Zvezdnate noÄ�i (Starry Nights) by DuÅ¡an JelinÄ�iÄ�, EAN / ISBN 961-6387-75-8. 2006
• No Shortcuts to the Top: Climbing the World\'s 14 Highest Peaks by Ed Viesturs. ISBN 0767924711. 2007

Films

• Vertical Limit, 2000
• K2, 1992
• Karakoram & Himalayas, 2007

See also

• Concordia
• Northern Areas
• List of mountains in Pakistan
• List of the highest mountains in the world

References and notes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

K2

• How high is K2 really? -- Measurements in 1996 gave 8614.27±0.6 m a.m.s.l
• K2climb.net
• The Mountain Areas Conservancy Project
• The climbing history of K2 from the first attempt in 1902 until the Italian success in 1954.
• China Peak Exploration Team to challenge Mt. Qogir
• Outside Online: The K2 Tragedy
• K2: Daring to Dream Documentary
• Sample of K2 poster product including Routes and NotesPDF (235 KiB) From Everest-K2 Posters
• Northern Pakistan - highly detailed placemarks of towns, villages, peaks, glaciers, rivers and minor tributaries in Google Earth
• K2 on SummitPost.Org
• K2 on Encyclopedia Britannica
• Map of K2
• Full list of all ascents of K2 to March 2007 (in Excel format)

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia